A voiced alveolar affricate is a type of affricate consonant pronounced with the tip or blade of the tongue against the alveolar ridge (gum line) just behind the teeth. This refers to a class of sounds, not a single sound. There are several types with significant perceptual differences:
This article discusses the first two.
Voiced alveolar sibilant affricate | |
---|---|
dz | |
IPA Number | 104 133 |
Encoding | |
Entity (decimal) | ʣ |
Unicode (hex) | U+02A3 |
X-SAMPA | dz |
Audio sample | |
The voiced alveolar sibilant affricate is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The sound is transcribed in the International Phonetic Alphabet with ⟨d͡z⟩ or ⟨d͜z⟩ (formerly ⟨ʣ⟩).
Features of the voiced alveolar sibilant affricate:
The following sections are named after the fricative component.
Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Armenian | Eastern[2] | ձուկ | ![]() |
'fish' | |
Belarusian[3] | дзеканне/dzekannje | [ˈd̻͡z̪ekän̪ʲe] | 'dzekanye' | Contrasts with palatalized form. See Belarusian phonology | |
Czech[4] | Afgánec byl | [ˈävɡäːnɛd̻͡z̪ bɪɫ̪] | 'an Afghan was' | Allophone of /t͡s/ before voiced consonants. See Czech phonology | |
Hungarian[5] | bodza | [ˈbod̻͡z̪ːɒ] | 'elderberry' | See Hungarian phonology | |
Kashubian[6] | [example needed] | ||||
Latvian[7] | drudzis | [ˈd̪rud̻͡z̪is̪] | 'fever' | See Latvian phonology | |
Macedonian[8] | ѕвезда/dzvezda | [ˈd̻͡z̪ve̞z̪d̪ä] | 'star' | See Macedonian phonology | |
Pashto | ځوان | [d͡zwɑn] | 'youth' 'young' | See Pashto phonology | |
Polish[9] | dzwon | ![]() |
'bell' | See Polish phonology | |
Russian[10] | плацдарм/placdarm | [pɫ̪ɐd̻͡z̪ˈd̪är̠m] | 'bridgehead' | Allophone of /t͡s/ before voiced consonants. See Russian phonology | |
Serbo-Croatian[11] | otac bi | [ǒ̞t̪äd̻͡z̪ bi] | 'father would' | Allophone of /t͡s/ before voiced consonants.[11] See Serbo-Croatian phonology | |
Slovene[12] | brivec brije | [ˈbríːʋəd̻͡z̪ bríjɛ] | 'barber shaves' | Allophone of /t͡s/ before voiced consonants. | |
Tyap | zat | [d͡zad] | 'buffalo' | ||
Ukrainian[13] | дзвін/dzvin | [d̻͡z̪ʋin̪] | 'bell' | See Ukrainian phonology | |
Upper Sorbian[14] | [example needed] | Allophone of /t͡s/ before voiced consonants.[14] See Upper Sorbian phonology |
Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Arabic | Najdi[15] | قـليب | [d͡zɛ̝lib] | 'well' | Corresponds to /q/, /ɡ/, or /dʒ/ in other dialects. |
Catalan[16] | dotze | [ˈd̪odd̻͡z̺ə] | 'twelve' | The fricative component is apical. See Catalan phonology | |
Dutch | Orsmaal-Gussenhoven dialect[17] | zèèg | [d͡zɛːx] | 'saw' | Occasional allophone of /z/; distribution unclear.[17] |
English | Broad Cockney[18] | day | [ˈd͡zæˑɪ̯] | 'day' | Possible word-initial, intervocalic and word-final allophone of /d/.[19][20] See English phonology |
Received Pronunciation[20] | [ˈd͡zeˑɪ̯] | ||||
New York[21] | Possible syllable-initial and sometimes also utterance-final allophone of /d/.[21] See English phonology | ||||
Scouse[22] | Possible syllable-initial and word-final allophone of /d/.[22] See English phonology | ||||
French | Quebec | du | [d͡zy] | 'of the' | Allophone of /d/ before /i, y, j/. |
Georgian[23] | ძვალი | [d͡zvɑli] | 'bone' | ||
Hebrew | תזונה | [d͡zuna] | 'nutrition' | Allophone of the cluster /tz/. | |
Luxembourgish[24] | spadséieren | [ʃpɑˈd͡zɜ̝ɪ̯əʀən] | 'to go for a walk' | Marginal phoneme that occurs only in a few words.[24] See Luxembourgish phonology | |
Marathi | जोर | [d͡zorə] | 'force' | Contrasts aspirated and unaspirated versions. The unaspirated is represented by ज, which also represents [d͡ʒ]. The aspirated sound is represented by झ, which also represents [d͡ʒʱ]. There is no marked difference for either one. | |
Nepali | आज | [äd͡zʌ] | 'today' | Contrasts aspirated and unaspirated versions. The unaspirated is represented by /ज/. The aspirated sound is represented by /झ/. See Nepali phonology | |
Portuguese | European[25] | desafio | [d͡zəˈfi.u] | 'challenge' | Allophone of /d/ before /i, ĩ/, or assimilation due to the deletion of /i ~ ɨ ~ e/. Increasingly used in Brazil.[26] |
Brazilian[25][26] | aprendizado | [apɾẽ̞ˈd͡zadu] | 'learning' | ||
Many speakers | mezzosoprano | [me̞d͡zo̞so̞ˈpɾɐ̃nu] | 'mezzo-soprano' | Marginal sound. Some might instead use spelling pronunciations.[27] See Portuguese phonology | |
Romanian | Moldavian dialects[28] | zic | [d͡zɨk] | 'say' | Corresponds to [z] in standard Romanian. See Romanian phonology |
Spanish | Some Rioplatense dialects | día | ['d͡zia̞] | 'day' | Corresponds to either [ð] or [d] in standard Spanish. See Spanish phonology. |
Chinese | Swatow | 日本 | [d͡zit̚˨˩.pʊn˥˧] | 'Japan' |
Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Italian[29] | zero | [ˈd͡zɛːɾo] | 'zero' | The fricative component varies between dentalized laminal and non-retracted apical. In the latter case, the stop component is laminal denti-alveolar.[29] See Italian phonology |
Voiced alveolar non-sibilant affricate | |
---|---|
dɹ̝ | |
dð̠ | |
dð͇ |
Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
English | General American[30] | dream | [d͡ɹ̝ʷɪi̯m] | 'dream' | Phonetic realization of the stressed, syllable-initial sequence /dr/; more commonly postalveolar [d̠͡ɹ̠˔].[30] See English phonology |
Received Pronunciation[30] | |||||
Italian | Sicily[31] | Adriatico | [äd͡ɹ̝iˈäːt̪iko] | 'the Adriatic Sea' | Apical. It is a regional realization of the sequence /dr/, and can be realized as the sequence [dɹ̝] instead.[32] See Italian phonology |