Caribbean English

Part of a series on the
British African-Caribbean community
Community and subgroups
Antiguans Bajans Guyanese Grenadians Jamaicans Kittians and Nevisians Montserratians Saint Lucians Vincentians Trinidadians
History
British rule of the Caribbean Decline and legacy of the British Empire HMT Empire Windrush
Languages
British English Caribbean English Multicultural London English Creole languages English-based French-based
Culture
Caribbean music in the UK
People
Antiguans Bajans Dominicans Guyanese Jamaicans Montserratians Trinidadians

Part of a series on
The English language
Topics
English language English-speaking world English as a second language History of English
Advanced topics
English as a world language English as a lingua franca European language Modern English
Phonology
Phonological history of English English phonology
Dialects
English American Anguillan Antiguan Australian Bahamian Bajan Bay Islands Belizean Bermudian Brunei Burmese Cameroonian Canadian Caribbean Guyanese Ghanaian Indian Irish Jamaican Kenyan Liberian Malawian Malaysian Manx Namlish Nepali New Zealand Nigerian Pakistani Philippine San Andrés–Providencia Scottish Singapore South African South Atlantic Sri Lankan Trinidad and Tobagonian Ugandan Welsh see also: List of dialects of English
Teaching
Teaching English as a second language Category:English words and phrases Higher category: Language

This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.

Caribbean English dialects of the English language are spoken in the Caribbean and Liberia, most countries on the Caribbean coast of Central America, and Guyana and Suriname on the coast of South America. Caribbean English is influenced by the English-based Creole varieties spoken in the region, but they are not the same. In the Caribbean, there is a great deal of variation in the way English is spoken. Scholars generally agree that although the dialects themselves vary significantly in each of these countries, they primarily have roots in British English and West African languages. Caribbean English in countries with a majority Indian population like Trinidad and Tobago and Guyana has been influenced by Hindustani and other South Asian languages in addition to British English and West African languages.^[1][2][3]

Overview

The English in daily use in the Caribbean include a different set of pronouns, typically me, meh or mi, you, yuh, he, she, it, we, wi or alawe, wunna or unu, and dem or day. I, mi, my, he, she, ih, it, we, wi or alawe, allayu or unu, and dem, den, deh for "them" with Central Americans.

Other features:

• Consonant changes like h-dropping or th-stopping are common.
• Some might be "sing-songish": Trinidad, Bahamas
• Rhotic: Bajan (Barbadian), Guyanese
• Influenced by Irish English dialects: Jamaican, Bajan
• Influenced by African American Vernacular English dialects: Liberian or Liberian English
• An accent influenced by any of the above, as well as Spanish and indigenous languages: Central American English dialects such as the Belizean Creole (Kriol), or the Mískito Coastal Creole and Rama Cay Creole spoken in Nicaragua

However, the English used in media, education and business and in formal or semi-formal discourse approaches the internationally understood variety of Standard English, but with an Afro-Caribbean cadence.

Samples

Standard English: Where is that boy? /hwɛər ɪz ðæt bɔɪ/

• Barbados: 'Wherr dah boi?' ([hwer ɪz dæt bɔɪ]) (Spoken very quickly rhotic, and contains glottal stops)
• San Andrés and Providencia: 'Weh dah boi deh?' ([hwe dæt bɔɪ deh])
• Jamaica: 'Weh dah bwoy deh?' ([weh da buoy de]) (sporadic rhoticity; Irish and Scottish influence); or 'Wey iz dat boi?' [weɪ ɪz dæt bɔɪ] (non-rhotic; similar to the accents of south western England and Wales)
• Belize: 'Weh iz dat bwoy deh?' ( [weh ɪz dɑt bɔɪ deɪ]) (British and North American influence, deeper in tone)
• Trinidad: 'Wey dat boy deh?'
• Bahamas: 'Wey dat boy iz?' [Some would more likely say bey instead of boy]
• Guyana and Tobago: 'Weyr iz daht boy/bai?' (urban) or 'Wey dat boy dey?' (rural) ([weɪɹ ɪz dɑt baɪ]) (Many variations dependent on urban/rural location, Afro or Indo descent or area, and competency in standard English; Sporadic rhoticity )
• Saint Vincent and the Grenadines: 'Wey dah boy deh deh?' ([weɪ dɑ bɔɪ deɪ deɪ]) (Non-rhotic)
• Belize, Nicaragua, the Bay Islands, Limón, Puerto Rico, and the Virgin Islands: 'Wehr iz daht booy?' ([weɹ ɪz dɑt buɪ]) (Distinct, sporadic rhoticity, pronunciation becomes quite different from "Creole" pronunciation.)
• Dominica: 'Weh dat boy nuh?'/'Weh dat boy be nuh?' (Spoken harshly and with a deep tone)

The written form of the English language in the former and current British controlled Caribbean countries conforms to the spelling and grammar styles of Britain.

See also

References

• Freed, Kenneth (May 11, 1993). "Caribbeanspeak: The area's languages range from Creole to Patois, from English to French. And therein lies a growing dispute involving power and equality". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on 31 March 2019. Retrieved 2009-08-22.
• Aceto, Michael (2004). "Eastern Caribbean English-derived language varieties: morphology and syntax". In Schneider, Edgar Werner; Kortmann, Bernd (eds.). A Handbook of Varieties of English: A Multimedia Reference Tool. 2. p. 439. ISBN 978-3-11-017532-5.

External links

• Linguistic map of Caribbean English dialects from Muturzikin.com
• Caribbean English (British Library)
• Cross-Referencing West Indian Dictionary
• Bajan (Barbadian) dialect in NYC at the Wayback Machine (archived July 9, 2011)