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Caribbean English

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Caribbean English dialects of the English language are spoken in the Caribbean and Liberia, most countries on the Caribbean coast of Central America, and Guyana and Suriname on the coast of South America. Caribbean English is influenced by the English-based Creole varieties spoken in the region, but they are not the same. In the Caribbean, there is a great deal of variation in the way English is spoken. Scholars generally agree that although the dialects themselves vary significantly in each of these countries, they primarily have roots in British English and West African languages. Caribbean English in countries with a plurality Indian population, such as Trinidad and Tobago and Guyana, has been influenced by Hindustani and other South Asian languages in addition to British English and West African languages.[1][2][3]

Overview

The English in daily use in the Caribbean include a different set of pronouns, typically me, meh or mi, you, yuh, he, she, it, we, wi or alawe, wunna or unu, and dem or day. I, mi, my, he, she, ih, it, we, wi or alawe, allayu or unu, and dem, den, deh for "them" with Central Americans.

Other features:

However, the English used in media, education and business and in formal or semi-formal discourse approaches the internationally understood variety of Standard English (British English in all former and present British territories, and American English in Puerto Rico and U.S. Virgin Islands), but with an Afro-Caribbean cadence (Spanish cadence in Puerto Rico and Archipelago of San Andrés, Providencia and Santa Catalina).

Samples

Standard English: Where is that boy? /hwɛər ɪz ðæt bɔɪ/

  • Barbados: 'Wherr dah boi?' ([hwer ɪz dæt bɔɪ]) (Spoken very quickly rhotic, and contains glottal stops)
  • San Andrés and Providencia: 'Weh dah boi deh?' ([hwe dæt bɔɪ deh])
  • Jamaica: 'Weh dah bwoy deh?' ([weh da bwoj de]) (sporadic rhoticity; Irish and Scottish influence); or 'Wey iz dat boi?' [weɪ ɪz dæt bɔɪ] (non-rhotic; similar to the accents of south western England and Wales)
  • Belize: 'Weh iz dat bwoy deh?' ( [weh ɪz dɑt bɔɪ deɪ]) (British and North American influence, deeper in tone)
  • Trinidad: 'Wey dat boy deh?'
  • Bahamas: 'Wey dat boy iz?' [Some would more likely say bey instead of boy]
  • Guyana and Tobago: 'Weyr iz daht boy/bai?' (urban) or 'Wey dat boy dey?' (rural) ([weɪɹ ɪz dɑt baɪ]) (Many variations dependent on urban/rural location, Afro or Indo descent or area, and competency in standard English; Sporadic rhoticity )
  • Saint Vincent and the Grenadines: 'Wey dah boy deh deh?' ([weɪ dɑ bɔɪ deɪ deɪ]) (Non-rhotic)
  • Belize, Nicaragua, the Bay Islands, Limón, Puerto Rico, and the Virgin Islands: 'Wehr iz daht booy?' ([weɹ ɪz dɑt buɪ]) (Distinct, sporadic rhoticity, pronunciation becomes quite different from "Creole" pronunciation.)
  • Dominica: 'Weh dat boy nuh?'/'Weh dat boy be nuh?' (Spoken harshly and with a deep tone)

The written form of the English language in the former and current British-controlled Caribbean countries conforms to the spelling and the grammar styles of Britain, while that on in Puerto Rico and U.S. Virgin Islands obeys the spelling the grammar of United States.

See also

References

  1. ^ Mahabir, Kumar (1999). "The Impact of Hindi on Trinidad English". Caribbean Quarterly. Trinidad and Tobago: Taylor & Francis, Ltd. 45 (4): 13–34. doi:10.1080/00086495.1999.11671866. JSTOR 40654099.
  2. ^ Holbrook, David J.; Holbrook, Holly A. (2001). Guyanese Creole Survey Report (PDF) (Report). SIL International. Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 July 2018. Retrieved 23 July 2018.
  3. ^ "The Languages spoken in Guyana".

External links